Essay Macbeth - 776 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, can be compared in many was to a Machiavellian prince. Macbeth’s ambition to be king and his desire for power are the basis of Machiavelli’s ideas, but when examined more closely we find many flaws in Macbeth’s character that Machiavelli warns will be destructive. Although Macbeth has many Machiavellian characteristics, Macbeth’s rise to power without true â€Å"fortune† or â€Å"virtue† leads him to his downfall. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. Macbeth’s achieves his long time desire to be king, but his tragic flaw brings him to ruin. His character changes drastically during the play. At†¦show more content†¦With encouragement from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is able to murder Duncan to become king, although Macbeth has always been considered a noble man. Machiavelli writes that in order to keep power a prince does not have to be loyal to his friends and subjects. He also states that â€Å"it is necessary for a prince†¦to learn how not to be good.† Macbeth seems to be capable of having these qualities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A lot of Macbeth’s actions in the play are led by his desire to be king and idea that his fate to be king is predetermined. He hears the witches’ prophecy of his future, which gives him confidence to kill Duncan and follow his ambition to be king. These two drives can somewhat be compared to Machiavelli’s idea of fortune and virtue. Machiavelli’s term â€Å"fortune† can be described as one’s destiny or fate. The term â€Å"virtue† is personality qualities that allow one to rule, like greatness, strength, or determination. Machiavelli believes either fortune or virtue is necessary to gain power. The witch’s prophesy may seem to be â€Å"fortune† and Macbeth’s desire for power may seem to be â€Å"virtue†, but Machiavelli might not completely agree. In order to become king, Macbeth had to murder his friends and kinsmen; Machaivelli’s would not consider this to be fortune. Gaining power through fortune should be effortless and would occur much more naturally, as in being an heir to the throne from one’s father. Machiavelli may not considerShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Macbeth 1411 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Klimek Mrs. Moeller Macbeth Rough Draft 3/7/16 Ambitionz Az Macbeth Macbeth is a character in a play by Shakespeare with a tragic flaw. He had a quick rise to power and shortly after that a fall. Macbeth’s tragic downfall is a consequence of his vaulting ambition which is fueled by greed, fear and arrogance. Lady Macbeth and the three witches also have a major key in influencing his emotions. They manipulated the emotions he felt so he acted more rashly on them. Macbeth was a guy that couldRead MoreMacbeth Essays : Macbeth 1064 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, there are two types of people: those who do the right thing and those who don’t. In the play Macbeth, by Shakespeare, the main character Macbeth is given a prophecy by three witches that says he will become king; however, there is no descending line of kings of his own blood. With the knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth’s ambition, and manipulation from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is quickly dragged into a never-ending, bloody murder rampage to obtainRead MoreMacbeth - Imagery in Macbeth1331 Words   |  6 Pagesart of making images, the products of imagination. In the play Macbeth Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. (listed from least to most), Each detail is his imagery, it seems to contain an important symbol of the play. Symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. Within the play Macbeth the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide his disgraceful self from his eyes and othersRead MoreMacbeth864 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination. In any piece of literature, imagery plays a significant role in illustrating the characters. In the play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are developed through the use of clothing, sleep, and blood imagery. Through the use of clothing imagery, Shakespeare exposes and develops the character of Macbeth. In the beginning, Macbeth is seen as loyal soldier of King Duncan. When presented with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he says Why do you dressRead MoreMacbeth1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Loyalty of Masculinity In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth the main theme of loyalty is explored throughout the play by main characters. Loyalty can be defined as faithfulness or unwavering devotion to a person or cause. Duncan, Banquo, Macduff and Macbeth are all essential characters who are given opportunities to express their loyalty, however it is the different ways in which these characters choose to be loyal or disloyal that shape the play as a whole. It is the character’s loyalty and/orRead MoreMacBeth867 Words   |  4 Pagesart, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised. Yet for I fear thy nature; It is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way† (Shakespeare 1.5.12-15). Lady Macbeth is the bad influence Macbeth has in his life that persuades him into killing King Duncan and rushes into being King. Before Macbeth became paranoid after the brutal death of King Duncan, he was a worthy captain of the kings army. â€Å"The service and the loya lty I owe in doing it pays itself. Your Highness’ part isRead MoreMacbeth1038 Words   |  5 Pageswith it?  Would you do  right or wrong? To ignore the premonitions  or to go ahead,  knowing that if you do go ahead you would  destroy the natural order? This is what Macbeth had to solve within himself,  his internal conflict. Ladies and Gentlemen, an overriding theme of conflict is established within William Shakespeare’s tragic play â€Å"Macbeth†. Conflict. What is conflict? We simply define conflict as the struggle between opposite forces or different opinions between people. Though it doesn’t always haveRead MoreMacbeth739 Words   |  3 PagesSynopsis Macbeth  is a play about a Scottish nobleman who learns, from a prophecy given to him by three witches, that he is to become king. When Macbeths ambition overcomes his moral judgement, he assassinates the reigning king and fulfils the prophecy. In doing so, however, he undermines his own rule with insecurity - insecurity he created when he upset the natural succession to the throne. Beheaded in battle, Macbeths death allows the rightful heir to reclaim the throne and order is restoredRead MoreMacbeth1388 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about a soldier, Macbeth, and his friend, Banquo, who meet up with three strange witches who share prophecies with the two men. Macbeth is told that he will become king someday and rule the land of Scotland. The rest of the play follows the actions of once a loyal soldier turned into a greedy king, who seeks to hold the crown forever no matter what the consequences may be. Throughout the play Macbeth displays himselfRead MoreMacbeth757 Words   |  4 Pagesat me† Macbeth to Banquo’s ghost. â€Å"This is the very painting of your fear† Lady Macbeth to her husband. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble†. Witches (4.1.1) Images of disguise and concealment (appearance vs reality): â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t† Lady Macbeth, 1, 5 â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know† Macbeth, 1,7 â€Å"There’s daggers in men’s smiles. The near in blood, the nearer bloody† Donalbain 2, 3. Macbeth tells

Cyber Security Is One Of The Hottest Topic Essay - 1693 Words

TILTLE: Cyber security is one of the hottest topic in the IT world . Cyber security is the non- ending.Computer security is also known as Cyber security or IT security. In this research more emphases is given on network security or the security of data that is being transmitted through a network. The main idea behind choosing this topic, other than my interest is the problem of security in the real world or the Cyber world.At this point of time a great number of people are digital people, being digital means directly or indirectly we are dealing with computers.So it becomes important to have a safe channel for the things that we do digitally.But till date nothing is 100% secure in the digital world, yes we humans have developed very secure equipments but still everday a new way of creating problem is also being developed . Most of the things that we use digitally are supposed to be dynamic and to bring dynamacity in our digital world , we need to be on a network . Networks are always prone to the security threats. No matters how secure a network is , people are developing new ways of penetrating through these networks everday. Due to this our data that is being transmitted through network is not safe.One needs to be updated of all the types of bugs that can create problem in a network, and this factor of being updated of all kinds of new threats makes this topic more interesting ,one will have to thing in an inovative way to deal with problems that are extremely new. ItShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking: Security Issues with an Emphasis on Todays Networking Media2647 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Networking: Security Issues with an Emphasis on Today’s Networking Media Before getting started on the topic listed above, what exactly is Social Networking? A social networking service is reported as being an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people, who for instance might share common interests, activities, went to the same school, work at the same company and the list goes on. Although social networksRead MoreComputing Ethics and Cyber Law5632 Words   |  23 Pages1.0 Introduction ____________________________________________________________ _ Information Technology (IT) is gradually becoming one of the hottest topics globally regardless of which age group you are in. Due to the fact that IT enables us to be more efficient and effective, the demand for technology multiplies yearly. Therefore, there is a rapid growth in the technology industry globally, especially the software industry. For the past few years, Malaysia has been slowly in the Information TechnologyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Amazon1874 Words   |  8 PagesOverview of Amazon Over the past 23 years, Amazon has grown into one of the most influential companies in the United States. Based out of Seattle, Washington, Amazon is known primarily as an e-commerce retailer. However, over the past decade they have begun developing technology, maintaining cloud storage, and providing sellers and customers with multiple services. Opportunities A contributing factor in Amazon’s growth is the change in consumer’s behavior. Amazon is benefiting from the spikeRead MoreLegal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues2778 Words   |  12 Pages1. What are the 5 hottest topics today involving legal, regulatory and ethical issues impacting on operating a B2C ebusiness? ECommerce has revolutionized the business world by expanding the marketplace and redefining the traditional organizational structure. Its economic influence has been considerable resulting in implications for politics, society and ethics. The future for eBusiness is bright. It will continue its rapid expansion and may eventually take over from traditional business practicesRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization1997 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Don’t put your eggs in one basket†, this is an old saying that we have all grown up with and have become accustomed to. We can look at diversity in this very simple manner. The more one spreads their resources out the more he/she increases their chance for reward. For the average investor this is â€Å"key† in optimizing their investment portfolio. The financial sector is made up of various markets; some of these markets weather storms much better than narrowly focused ones. For example; if you placeRead MoreThe Process, The Rewards And The Risks5686 Words   |  23 PagesSuperannuation: The Process, The Rewards and The Risks Purchasing your own real estate business offers you virtually limitless earning potential and freedom from the restrictions of working for someone else. One of the main factors holding many would-be real estate business owners back is money; coming up with, for example, a 30-percent deposit on a business facility can be a crippling factor, making the dream of business ownership just that – a dream, and nothing else. Fortunately, the dream mayRead MoreTechnology and Social Networking Sites6941 Words   |  28 Pagestechnology, it also has its own drawbacks. The drawbacks range from simple waste of time, negative effect on children and teens to privacy theft, cyber stalking, hacking, misuse of database, identity theft, illegal activities and some forms of terrorism as well. Presently there are over 300 networking sites in existence. Thus, each competitor tries to be one up using latest technologies, attractive features etc. This paper consists of the detailed findings which were obtained by conducting a study onRead MoreElectric Power Transmission7736 Words   |  31 Pagescables | |14.3 Single wire earth return | |14.4 Wireless power transmission | |15 Security of control systems | |16 Records | |17 See also Read MoreConsumer Behavior Towards Online Shopping18477 Words   |  74 Pagesimportant to define their strategies accordingly. As online shopping is a new medium so the consumer behavior in the field of online shopping is also pretty diverse in nature compare to traditional consumer behavior, so it is equally important for one to identify what factors influence consumers to shop online. In order to reach towards purchase decision, it consists of several factors which influence consumers to shop online. These factors are important for retailers to compete in the market andRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesicons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright  ©2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Digging-Seamus Heaney Free Essays

The message in this poem is Heaney is feeling slightly Guilty for not following the footsteps of his father in becoming a farmer instead he became a writer. The guilt is brought arcross as Heaney is breaking a agricultural tradition in his family. The techniques Heaney uses in this poem are onamatopoeia â€Å"Squelch† for example. We will write a custom essay sample on Digging-Seamus Heaney or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also in the second last verse Heaney uses a listing device. Also he uses lieration â€Å"curt cuts† whichgive added ethisis. Heaney also uses roots to describe his family roots. Heaney is effectively â€Å"digging† his memories at the instant he begins to write, he looks out his window and starts reminiscing about his past, he then becomes enthralled in guilt because he did not follow his grandfather, and fathers path, which leaves him feeling guilty and below them, he feels his forefathers were great men and he is not, however he still speaks of his pride in his own choice in a â€Å"pen is mightier than the sword† kind of way This poem compares his life to that of his father. He looks at the skill of his father and sees that he can never do what his father is so skilled at â€Å"digging†. He describes in fine detail the art and mechanics of digging potatoes and the ease at which his father can do it. He compares the skill of his father digging potatoes to that of his grandfather digging in the bog, a completely different skill. Again he described in fine detail the art of digging turf and the sights and sounds that are part of it. The wonderful line that shifts time lines from the present , where he looks at his father perhaps clearing up a gravel path â€Å"comes up twenty years away† to him digging potatoes. In the second last verse a line from each generation is compared and tells him that his that his only skill is to â€Å"dig with his pen† He knows that he can never be as good with a spade and feels that he is more comfortable with a pen. (snug as a gun) Repeating the lines in the last verse confirms this comfort and confirms his only way to match their skill is to â€Å"dig with his pen† I like to think this poem has that simple message. I hope you agree ! Someone asks about â€Å" Toners bog† This is the name of a local bog, (a family name called Toner ) Seamus Heaney tries to explain a change in time with this poem. He uses a good choice of language within this poem to effectively illustrate his views on an old tradition in many English towns. The mining off coal, gold and earth which is used to burn fires, these are all things that were apart of most common families that did this day in day out as a living. a change in time and of course educational circumstances and the fact that the mines and these methods of work have become irrelevant in modern times have made the person in the poem change, thus allowing him to have a different future through the pen, a good life not a hard one like his father and grandfather before him who used the spade. He says within the poem that he has ‘no spade to follow men like them’ this is because that way of life has now become history and change has come by. For me, Heaney uses ‘the squat pen’ as his intricate tool of choice, the use of which for him, transcends that of a spade. the free verse style of the poem is used to enable this professed deviation from this traditional ancestral manual labour. Throughout the poem, Heaney displays nothing but respect for his ancestor’s particuarly his grandfather, of whom his memories are particuarly fond. One can find examples of Heaney’s admiration and aspiration to the man when he depicts his inferior actions ‘corked sloppily with paper’ compared with his grandfather’s ‘nicking and slicing neatly. ‘ The use of assonance here also serves the emphasise the importance of his grandfather’s skillset. Heaney however in the penultimate stanza, realizes that he can never spark a passion for the ‘cold smell of potato mould’ and ‘soggy peat’ and the diction reflects this mood shift to disillusionment. Overall, Heaney realises that in choosing ‘the squat pen’ over ‘the spade’ he is in fact ‘digging’ up memories of his ancestors, complementing and helping their work to be realised in this sense. So all in all, he draws the conclusion that whilst we must not forget our roots,we must pursue our passions and dreams in life. For Heaney, it is writing in which he finds solace, which enables him to transfer memories onto paper, giving old thoughts the power to transcend time. How to cite Digging-Seamus Heaney, Essay examples

Effect of Growing Internet Newspapers on Circulation free essay sample

Small and medium-sized print newspapers showed obvious decreasing circulation since 1990 while the declining trend was not evident for large newspapers. The readership of the Internet newspaper had been considerably growing since 1995. However, scale of the circulation decline of print newspapers did not show evident replacing effect of the Internet newspapers. About half of the publishers and online editors did not regard the Internet newspaper as a major factor that reduced readership of print newspapers. Keywords: Online newspaper, relative constancy, replacing effect, newspaper circulation, Internet survey Effect of Growing Internet Newspapers on Circulation of Print Newspapers in the U. S. Early in 1986, when new interactive technologies had been available only for several years in the United States, Rogers pointed out that their potential effect was quite high. He argued the new media were shaking the foundations of how communication could occur. The potential uses were intriguing and the scale of effects was staggering. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Growing Internet Newspapers on Circulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page l As the Internet newspaper developed in the early 1990s, enthusiasm for online newspapers led some media analysts to predict that printed newspapers would disappear in the near future. 2 As the Internet grew, print newspaper users appeared to be shrinking. 3 Considering the advantages of the Internet newspaper over print newspapers, a question arises: Has the Internet newspaper already derived readers from print newspapers? The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Internet newspapers on circulation of print newspapers in the United States since 1995. This study aims to find changes of print newspaper circulation and the Internet newspaper readership from 1995 to 2000 and LITERATURE REVIEW Effect of New Media Technology on Old Media New technologies ring new opportunities as well as threats to existing media. 4 Rogers discussed the effects of television on film and radio in the 1950s in the United States and noted that leisure time use was affected, as television grabbed huge gobs of time away from radio-listening, reading, and other activities. In a study of the effect of new technology on existing mass media advertising revenues and consumer spending between 1929-1968, McCombs proposed the hypothesis of relative constancy. He found that media spending by consumers roughly parallel the growth of consumers income. Consumer spending on mass media was constant over time.

Do increases in tuition fees reduce access to post

Introduction Quality education is one of the public goods that every nation endeavors to deliver to its citizens by enacting relevant education policies. While in many nations including Canada, basic education is delivered by the state at much subsidized costs, financing post-secondary education causes people to dig deep into their pockets both in the developing and developed world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do increases in tuition fees reduce access to post-secondary education in Canada? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From an economist perspective, increasing the prices of public goods has the impact of reducing the demand for the public good. In this sense, increasing the fees for post-secondary education would mean a reduction in the accessibility levels. This paper seeks to provide a response as to whether this economic view applies for the case of Canadian post-secondary education. Impacts of increas ing tuition fees on accessibility to post-secondary education in Canada Affordability limits accessibility levels Hiking of fees for post-secondary education makes it only affordable by the wealthy people. This claim means that the less fortunate people would not have equal accessibility levels with the more fortunate members of the society (Kirby 268). Indeed, over the last 15 years, the tuition fee paid by Canadians has grown to thresholds that make fees account for the largest expense that is encountered by university and other higher education institutions students. This hiking has been attributed to cutting down public funding on post-secondary education by the federal government (Coelli 1072) and provincial governments (Easton and Rockerbie 194). Over the last two decades in Canada, a sharp cut from 84 percent to 57 percent on post secondary funding from the public kitty has been experienced. Over the same period, tuition fees grew on an upwards trend right from â€Å"14 perc ent of operating funding to over 34 percent† (Coelli 1081). This growth produces multiple impacts on the affordability of post-secondary education when compounded with a reduction in public spending on post secondary education. The overall effect of the reduction of funding of post-secondary education by the federal and provincial governments is that post-secondary education has shifted from a public-focused model to a more privatized fee model. Consequently, a rapid increment of fees without necessarily being accompanied by increased economic wellbeing of the Canadians makes the accessibility to post-secondary education fragmented and segregated based on people’s economic status. Hence, increasing tuition fees makes post-secondary education less affordable for middle and low-income households in Canada.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship between debt level and post secondary education completion rates Although a reduction of public funding on post-secondary education has the impact of making low and middle-income families have limited accessibility to education as argued above, some critics argue that such families can still gain access to the education through debts. Their point is that the costs of education can be transferred into some future time meaning that increasing tuition fees would have minimal or even no impacts on the accessibility levels if the students would have accessibility to government and or other sources of educational loans (Finnie 156). While the above argument remains valid, research on the impacts of high tuition fees on post-secondary accessibility proves otherwise. For instance, Statistics Canada reports that low income families’ students are â€Å"less than a half as likely to participate in university than those from high incomes families† (17). In further support of this finding, Stat istics Canada and Human Resources and Skills Development Canada conducted yet another research referred to as ‘youth transition survey’ on which it found out that amongst the reasons cited by secondary school graduates for not participating in post secondary education was related to financial reasons (156). British Columbia researcher by the name Lori McElroy echoed similar results in his study that found out â€Å"students with little or no debt were more than twice as likely to finish their degree as students with high levels of debt† (McElroy 5). Based on these findings, debt levels are negatively correlated with post-secondary completion rates. Therefore, even though many people may consider funding the otherwise expensive post-secondary education with the readily accessible credit, risks associated with the credit may make people shun away from indulging in credit commitments in their pursuit of post-secondary education. The above argument is not only suppor ted by the discussed scholarly results within Canada. Elsewhere in the world, for instance in the US, similar results are obtained. For example, the University of California researchers based in Lose Angeles found, â€Å"for every $1,000 increase in tuition fees, enrolment rates dropped by 15 percent† (Kane 11).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do increases in tuition fees reduce access to post-secondary education in Canada? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kane‘s study further demonstrated, â€Å"decrease in enrolment was composed almost exclusively from minority and low-income students† (Kane 12). Putting these results in the Canadian context, Canadian Association of University Teachers conducted an analysis of long-term effects of increasing tuition fees as â€Å"a proportion of after tax income in Canada† (205). The research found out that increasing tuition fees produced the most p ronounced impacts on the poor people in Canada. This case implies that accessibility of credit for funding post-secondary education whose fees has been on the rise for the last two decades does not reduce the impacts that high tuition fees has on accessibility levels to post-secondary education. Bursaries and loans have mild impacts on absorption of negative impacts on high tuition fees Before the implementation of the education policy, every government will have evaluated the short-term and long-terms impact of the policy. In the US and Canada among other nations, the government is aware that the rising of tuition fees would obviously have negative implications. For instance, according to Finnie, the Charest government planned to reinvest 35 percent on the total amount of money generated through hiked post secondary education on bursaries and loans through the financial aid program (159). The reinvestments are meant to ensure that those students who already have accessibility to bu rsaries would get more funding through bursaries and loans coupled with attracting more loan and bursary recipients. Since post-secondary bursaries allocation in Canada is done based on proof of the need of financial aid, application of this idea would mean leveraging the impact of the rise in tuition fees on the middle and low-income families to bring them at par with students from wealthy families. Putting in place such a strategy would mean exploration of exclusion policies based on financial endowment of the Canadians. Bearing in mind â€Å"40% of parents, independently of their revenue, do not help their children financially during their studies† (Finnie 161), the impacts of such an exclusion policy are expected to be spectacular before the public eyes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The argument here is that financial aid in response of the impacts of the financial hike on the accessibility of post-secondary education among middle and low-income households would not aid in the absorption of the resulting negative impacts of the fees hike. If the financial aid program is to absorb a significant amount of negative impacts of post-secondary education fee hikes, it needs to apply to all students irrespective of their financial status. Being a post-graduate does not necessarily mean having the power to finance education that is more expensive The notions behind increasing fees for postgraduates rest on the platforms of the argument that people with an advanced degree have the ability to earn more during their work lifespan in relation to the low-skilled people. For this reason, justification is made for escalating â€Å"international students, PhD, and masters degree students’ fees† (McElroy 13). In this context, McElroy argues that universities in Can ada have over exaggerated the earning of advanced degree holders in pursuit of higher fees (13). This exaggeration makes post-secondary education institutions charge fees beyond the market expectation and capability. Therefore, few graduates would seek access to post-graduate education. Basing the reason for increasing fees for postgraduate education on the assumption that post-graduates earn more in the labor market is flawed since it ignores that they also pay more incomes taxes, which in one way or another land in the basket for paying the costs of post-secondary education. The underlying argument is that, irrespective of the targeted population seeking post-secondary education in Canada by high fees, the accessibility to post-secondary education is influenced either directly or indirectly. The condition is shoddier for intercontinental and higher-grade students. As Kirby confirms, â€Å"While undergraduates, unlike the graduates, are not enrolled all year round, they do not pay fees during the months of summer† (273). Compared to alumnae, those still in college and or universities do not only have to disburse lower tuition charges but also disburse less charges for during a usual winter and fall school program. In 2010, international students had their tuition fees increased by 5.2 percent in Canada. Such an increase is prohibitive to accessing post-secondary education in Canada by the international students. Therefore, the more the tuition fess is hiked for graduate and international students, the more the chances of losing accessibility to Canadian post-secondary education. From the Veronique’s argument, â€Å"tuition hikes in the 1990s in the rest of Canada had decreased the participation in post-secondary education for youths from families earning less than $75 000 per year† (Para. 4), increase in tuition fees for undergraduates would mean a pronounced negative impact on post-secondary education accessibility levels. Conclusion The refore, based on the expositions made in the paper, it suffices to point out that, in the effort to build a skilled human resource capital base in Canada, post-secondary education is inevitable. Knowledgeable people have low felony rates, improved public activities, and reduced expenditures on health matters. In the modern Canada, a university degree is becoming almost a primary requirement for full participation of the citizens in the economy. Based on these benefits of post-secondary education, it would be almost imperative to presume that post-secondary education needs to be made easily accessible in Canada for all people irrespective of their social economic backgrounds. Unfortunately, as argued in the paper, this is not the case. Over the last two decades, there have been rising tuition fees for post-secondary education institutions in Canada. The paper held that, for all levels of education (postgraduate, graduate, and even undergraduate), increasing tuition fees has had the i mpact of reducing accessibility to the respective post-secondary education level. Works Cited Canadian Association of University Teachers. â€Å"The Economics of Access: The Fiscal Reality of PSE Costs for Low-Income Families.† CAUT Education Review 8.2(2006): 205-217. Print. Coelli, Michael. â€Å"Tuition fees and equality of university enrollment.† Canadian Journal of Economics 42.3(2009): 1072-1099. Print. Easton, Stephen, and Duane Rockerbie. â€Å"Optimal government subsidies to universities in the face of tuition and enrollment constraints.† Education Economics 16.2(2008): 191-201. Print. Finnie, Ross. â€Å"Student loans, student financial aid and post-secondary education in Canada.† Journal of Higher education Policy Management 24.2(2002): 155-170. Print. Kane, Thomas. The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College. California: University of California Press, 2003. Print. Kirby, Dale. â€Å"Strategies for widening access in a q uasi-market higher education environment: recent developments in Canada.† Higher Education 62.3(2011): 267-278. Print. McElroy, Lori. Student Aid and University Persistence: Does Debt Matter? Montreal: Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, 2005. Print. Statistics Canada and Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. â€Å"At a Crossroads: First Results for the 18 to 20-Year-old Cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey.† Higher Education 12.1(2002):156-169. Print. Statistics Canada. â€Å"Participation in postsecondary education and family income.† The Daily (December 7, 2001): 17-18. Print. Veronique, Lisa. Give up university education? Together let’s stop the hike, 2012. Web. http://www.stopthehike.ca/. This essay on Do increases in tuition fees reduce access to post-secondary education in Canada? was written and submitted by user Tomas Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking

The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking Note-taking is the practice of writing down or otherwise recording key points of information. Note-taking is an important part of the research process. Notes taken on class lectures or discussions may serve as study aids, while notes taken during an interview may provide material for an essay, article, or book.  Taking notes doesnt simply mean scribbling down or marking up the things that strike your fancy, say  Walter Pauk and Ross J.Q. Owens in their book, How to Study in College. It means using a proven system and then effectively recording information before tying everything together. Cognitive Benefits of Note-Taking Note-taking involves certain cognitive behavior; writing notes engages your brain in specific and beneficial ways that help you grasp and retain information. Note-taking can result in broader learning than simply mastering course content because it helps you to process information and make connections between ideas, allowing you to apply your new knowledge to novel contexts, according to  Michael C. Friedman, in his paper, Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors, which is part of the  Harvard University Initiative for Learning and Teaching. Shelley OHara, in her book, Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less, agrees, stating: Taking notes involves  active listening, as well as connecting and relating information to ideas you already know. It also involves seeking answers to questions that arise from the material. Taking notes forces you to actively engage your brain as you identify whats important in terms of what the speaker is saying and begin to organize that information into a comprehensible format to decipher later. That process, which is far more than simply scribbling what you hear, involves some heavy brainwork. Most Popular Note-Taking Methods Note-taking aids in reflection, mentally reviewing what you write. To that end, there are certain methods of note-taking that are among the most popular: The Cornell method, where you divide the paper into three sections: a space on the left for writing the main topics, a larger space on the right to write your notes, and a space at the bottom to summarize your notes; review and clarify your notes a soon as possible after class; summarize what youve written on the bottom of the page; and finally, study your notes.Creating a mind  map,  a visual  diagram that lets you organize  your notes in a  two-dimensional  structure, says  Focus. You create a mind map by writing the  subject or headline in  the center  of the page then add your  notes in the form of branches that  radiate  outward from the center.Outlining, which  is similar to creating an outline that you might use for a research paper.Charting, which  allows you to break up information into such categories as similarities and differences; dates, events, and impact; and pros and  cons, says  East Carolina University.The  sentence method, where you record every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded, but it lacks (the) clarification of major and minor topics. Immediate review and editing are required to determine how information should be organized, says East Carolina University. Note-Taking Tips There are, of course, other variations on the previously described note-taking methods, such as the two-column method, says  Kathleen T. McWhorter, in her book, Successful College Writing, who explains that to use this method: Draw a vertical line from the top of a piece of paper to the bottom. The left-hand column should be about half as wide as the right-hand column. In the wider, right-hand column, record ideas and facts as they are presented in a lecture or discussion. In the narrower, left-hand column, note your own questions as they arise during the class. Making a list  can also be effective, say  John N. Gardner and Betsy O. Barefoot in Step by Step to College and Career Success. Once you have decided on a format for taking notes, you may also want to develop your own system of abbreviations, they suggest. Note-Taking Tips Among other tips offered by note-taking experts:Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in missing information.Use a laptop, which allows you to download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask her to elaborate. Among other tips offered by note-taking experts: Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in missing information.Use a laptop, which allows you to download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask her to elaborate. If none of these methods suit you, read the words of author Paul Theroux, in his article A World Duly Noted published in The Wall Street Journal in 2013: I write down everything and never assume that I will remember something because it seemed vivid at the time. And once you read these words, dont forget to jot them down in your preferred method of note-taking so that you wont forget them.

Renewable energy law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Renewable energy law - Essay Example There are several reasons why the government should insist on the usage of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are no likely to cause pollution in the air and on water bodies.However,there are some sources of renewable energy that can cause environmental degradation if not carefully used; such sources include large hydro and some kinds of biomass. Renewable energy is also seen as a perfect example in fighting global warming. These sources of energy do not emit carbon monoxide into the air thus affecting the ozone layer. Further, renewable sources of energy are sustainable; they can be used for several years without being depleted. Renewable sources of energy such as hydro, solar, geothermal, wind, tidal and wave power have got no fuel costs: their production does not depend on the presence of fuel for their production. Their usage can prevent the ever rising prices of energy.The UK and Canada have got the powers to declare an executive economic zone (EEZ).Such a resolu tion means that they are able to establish any organization that will be mandated and concerned with the production of renewable energy. They will also be able to produce renewable energy through the water, current and winds. The UK has got no intention to declare an EEZ, however, the government will consider the move once it receives royal assent from the United Nations. Precedent to this policy is witnessed in the country’s commissioning of an Executive Fishing Zone and another zone for the conservation of the marine environment. These two policies progress the UK’s ability in respect to specific rights, those that exist outside its territorial waters (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). Privileges established in the primary legislation will assist in the creation of boundaries to the production of renewable energy which is expected to operate under the Orders in Council. Regulation for this can be found in the secondary regulation under section 1 (7) of the continental sh elf act 1967 which is concerned with the mapping of the UK’s continental shelf. The government projects that the renewable energy zone will also work in the same way as the UK continental shelf. There are also some limits to these regulations, it is evident that they will challenged by other regulations from other coastal states, for example, at the west coast of Scotland, the limit may extend to over 200 mile limit (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). The UK government has got plans to allocate resources necessary for the development of renewable energy zones, especially in the Crown state. To ensure that the offshore renewable energy installations meet the standards of the UK government, policy makers in the sector will have follow the similar approach followed in the Petroleum Act 1998 (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). This will be achieved through the use of Orders in Council to ensure strict application of the necessary law of England, Wales and Scotland to the approach towards r enewable energy investments and any acts or omissions committed with the range of 500 meters. Further, the government plans to use the protection enjoyed in the Submarine Telegraph act 1885 in the submarine cable responsible for the installation of renewable energy devices, either in the territorial sea or in its internal waters. To this far, the work of the legal team in the provision of regulations within the renewable energy sector will be put to practice by using relevant provisions of the legislation which are already being used in its territorial waters. The government also holds the view that offshore renewable energy and their relation with the integrated transmission network should honor the same quality and safety as the onshore installations. Policy makers therefore plan to extend the legality of the sections 29 and 30 of the electricity act to the renewable energy zone. Further, due to the potentiality of disaster that offshore renewable energy may pose to the airplanes, they plan to also use the civil aviation authority so as to

Discuss the statement In the future, hierarchical management Essay

Discuss the statement In the future, hierarchical management structures will be less evident. The management of intellectual - Essay Example 23). Hierarchical management structure is an organisational structure in which each and every entity of an organisation follows a top down hierarchical level. It is true that the trend of hierarchical organisational management structure is shifting towards the flatter organisational management structure to enhance organisational communication process between several departments of the organisation (Boxall and Purcell, 2007, p. 98). There are several advantages and significance of flatter organisational structure. It enhances decision making process, operation cost control and better communication between the employees of different departments in an organisation. The essay will discuss on the statement that â€Å"In the future, hierarchical management structures will be less evident†. ... These economic issues and fluctuating global economic environment will motivate the leaders or the management of the organisation to adopt flatter organisational management hierarchy (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p. 31). Each and every organisation is trying to focus on the business operation cost reduction. It is highly important for the organisations to control the operation cost in order to ensure high profit maximisation (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011, p. 69). Several leading organisations are adopting flatter organisational structure in order to reduce business operation cost. A flat organisational structure can be defined as an organisation structure with limited or no management level between the staff and management level employees. Flat organisation structure deals with low employee supervision (Burke, 2012, p. 36). The leaders in a flat organisation use to promote the employees and involve them in the decision making process. Organisation can gain huge benefit through flat organisational structure in this economic distress period. The major objective of flat organisation structure is to eliminate the level and salaries of middle management. This reduction in management level and salaries help the organisation to reduce overall business operation cost and budget of an organisation (Dawson, 2003, p. 84). In addition to this, flatter organisational structure elevates the level of responsibility of the employees in an organisation as this organisational structure brings more efficiency in the organisational communication process (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005, p. 89). As this organisational structure removes the excess layers of a management structure, the speed of coordination and communication

Review article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review article - Essay Example Studies b and c specifically aimed to examine the potential of CBPR programs whilst study a did not. Study a aimed to assess participants ability to work, this was not a concern in studies b and c. Study c aimed to use existing community-based programs designed for its subject group where as a and b designed research specific programs. poor general health. The target group previously held physically demanding jobs that put strain upon the musculoskeletal system. At the time of the study inactivity due to unemployment was presumed to have decreased the subjects’ functional capacity and musculoskeletal system. a) In the early 1990’s in Finland a recession caused major unemployment and rendered 36.7% of the construction workforce long-term unemployed. The general health of construction workers is described as poor and excessive manual labor puts heavy strain on the musculoskeletal system, decreasing functional capacity with age. Long-term unemployment was believed to have decreased functional capacity and general health even further. b) Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and Coronary Heart Disease are the number one cause of death amongst women in the developed world. Most fatalities have no previous symptoms. Public awareness of CVD in women is insufficient. Lack of physical activity impacts a 1.9 fold increase in CVD risk amongst women. shown that moderate exercise of 30+ minutes, 3-5 times a week improves health and functional ability of older adults. Additional studies had awarded 10 centres across the U.S. for best-practice in older adult activity programs. No study had yet assessed the impact of these existing programs on previously sedentary subjects. Sendentary lifestyles and related health issues are common across all three study groups but due to different reasons. The background to study b is one of major CVD fatalities in all female age groups where as studies a and

Factors for Wide Area Computer Network

Factors for Wide Area Computer Network AWI International Education Group Task 1/A Wellington Napier and Christchurch: 3) Auckland Tauranga Task 1/B   Ã‚   Wellington Christchurch Napier Auckland Tauranga Local IP range 192.168.10.0 /24 192.168.8.0 /24 192.169.19.0 /24 192.168.11.0 /24 192.168.14.0 /24 Internet IP 122.11.80.13 122.11.80.14 122.11.80.16 122.13.58.4 122.11.80.18 DMZ IP range 10.51.0.0 10.51.0.2 Task 1/C: Components configurations: Wellington Component Configuration 52x PC LAN port each / DHCP on 4x switch 24 port switch 8x Servers Printer (LAN port) Database (LAN port) Application (LAN port) ADDS (LAN port) DHCP (2 LAN ports) File (2 LAN ports) Web (2 LAN ports) Email (2 LAN ports) 1x Firewall Router 1 LAN port Hub 5 LAN ports Christchurch 5x PCs LAN port Switch 6 LAN ports Router 2x LAN ports DSL modem 1x LAN port 1x RG11 Napier 8x PC LAN port Switch 9x LAN ports Router 2x LAN ports DSL modem 1x LAN port 1x RG11 Auckland 18x PC 12x with LAN port 6x with WMP300N modules Switch 14x LAN port WiFi router 1x LAN port for switch (12 PCs) and wireless for 6 PCs Router 2x LAN ports Tauranga 5 PCs LAN port Switch 7 LAN ports Router/Firewall 2x LAN ports Web Server 2 LAN port File Server 2 LAN port Task 1/D: Main office of the company PrinterPrinter Inc. Is located in Wellington. The office has total 52 PCs which are allocated between three major departments: Sales, Accounting and Marketing. Each departments computers are connected via cables to Switches, which in turn are connected to the central Switch for further connection. Central Switch is also connected to 8 Servers that provide all necessary services for the network. However the main connection to the internet is provided via DMZ connection network in face of four servers (DHCP, File, Web, Email) which are also connected to the hub. The hub in turn is connected Router which also acts as Firewall in the internet connection. Napier and Christchurch have similar networks, as both are connected to internet via ADSL technology. And both are connected to main office via router-to-router VPN connection. In order to create ADSL supported network, it is required to have DSL Modem, which can be connected to internet via landline cord. In turn, Modem is connected to Router in order to delegate internet to the users via Switch, which is connected to the PCs. In addition to that, one of Napier PCs are configured to establish VPN connection. Auckland branch. This network has 18 PCs in three floors. 12 PCs are connected to the network via Switch directly by cables. Meanwhile, third floors 6 PCs are connected to Switch via intermediary Wireless Router with help of WMP300N module. Switch in its turn allows to connect to the public networks (Internet). This may be arguable to have two routers instead of one, but I believe that additional Wireless Router will provide more stable and constructive connection. Tauranga. The network, has been established with DMZ connection starting with properly configured Firewall/Router in order to work with several IP addresses. Router is connected to Hub. Hub is connected to Servers which are used for proper services performances, which in turn are connected to the Switch, that connects PCs to the network. Task 1/E. All of the branches are set to be connected to the main office with the use of VPN. All VPN connections from branches to the main office are connected to the Firewall. Firewall in turn, is configured with all the restrictions and access policies. As is written in scenario, the branch can connect to the main office via on-demand router-to-router VPN connections. On the other hand, as given example with Auckland branch, it can connect to main office, by persistent VPN connections that stay connected 24/7. Task1/F. In case of the Partners, they can connect to the main office network via VPN connection. But in common cases they use Cisco VPN utility that contain SSL certificate, IP address, password. Meanwhile Firewall is configured with identification of these IP addresses, based on which certain access level is delegated for the partners. Task 2/A. In case of main office, DHCP, File, Web and Email servers have static IP addresses which route 10.51.0.0 network and 192.168.14.0. In Napier branch Router2 has default routing. As well as Christchurch branch. In Auckland branch, we face the same case of both Routers to have default routing. Finally, in case of Tauranga, Web and File servers, also have static IP addresses which route 10.51.0.0 network and 192.168.10.0. Task 2/B. For t Static routing tables were used to configure the networks. In addition to that, default routing was implemented in all routers. To ensure correct work, tracert command was used in command prompt. Bibliography Requirements for IPv4 Routers, F. Baker, RFC 1812, June 1995 Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks,RFC 3704, F. Baker P. Savola,March 2004

The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers

The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone... The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone...

Involving others in assessments Essay

The assessment process in a beauty college involves many different people. Starting with the students that need to be assessed and who need be told the criteria which they are being assessed against so that they can try meet these needs. The teachers of the students need to be provided with a curriculum to teach and have access to various forms of information related to their subject matter so they can draw on these for course notes or offer extra material for students to give them a broader understanding of the subject. The assessors themselves need to know what facilities the college has with regards to where the tests are obtained from, what time frame is allocated, what different forms of assessment need to be conducted, what setting is in place be it a classroom or practical room or a simulation of a salon with a member of public coming in to be the client. They need to know who else in the college is qualified to assess should they have any questions and who the internal verifiers are to report to. Employers at the college need to provide assessment opportunities and find ways of networking with the staff through newsletters or internal meetings to identify good practice in assessing across the board and to maintain consistency throughout the staff. The internal verifiers are there to check the quality of assessing and to measure and improve further quality of assessments. External verifiers are needed to check that the internal verifiers are doing their job properly and check the quality of the work being done. They are usually given a selection of pre assessed papers so they can re-assess them to check for accuracy in assessing and to be able to check the standard of a college and report back to the awarding body that a college is able to claim certification for their students, or if the college needs to amend certain criteria before claiming certification. So in my college experience I was taught my course material by various teachers, assessed by teachers by written tests or projects or in the practical classroom. The teachers had to report to the principal of the college for our results and the principal often came into the assessing rooms while we were busy with class or doing tests. An external examining body from the international guild of beauty therapy was asked to do our final assessments and we were given lists stating what the examiner would be looking for. We were assessed according to the international level set by the beauty guild and only if we passed with a stipulated percentage were we awarded our qualification. Peer and Self assessment: Self assessment allows the student to work out their own strengths and weaknesses and tailor their own learning plan to best suit themselves. This works well when you have a motivated student who is willing to admit their own setbacks to themselves and strive to address these and move forward in the right direction with a better sense of what they want to achieve and how to do that. Peer assessment can be very helpful in that students get to go over their own knowledge of the subject being assessed while they assess their peer therefore doing revision and also being more aware of what they may not know or of how their peer does something better than they would have done and learning from them. I find self and peer evaluation very helpful in a beauty college especially as it is such a practical course and a lot of time is spent practicing treatments on your peers or being the client to be practiced on. When a student is being the therapist they can carry out a treatment and assess themselves on how well they have learnt the procedure and where they get stuck and need help. They will be more confident in asking their peer for help or to give them feedback about their treatment and in-turn be able to use this feedback to modify their work and learn from this. When a student is being the client this is a great opportunity for them to really feel what different types of pressure feel like and what feel good and what doesn’t and use that to adapt their own techniques. They learn what it feels like to be on the therapy bed and be aware of the sounds around them that the student therapist makes or the questions they ask and what makes sense and works and what doesn’t. This is an invaluable way that students can improve themselves and be able to help their peers improve by giving them accurate feedback. How assessment arrangements can be adapted to learners: Students learn best in slightly different ways depending on what approach works best for them. A widely used model of learning style is Flemmings’ s (2001) Visual Auditory Kinesthetic (VAK) model. If students are visual learners, they prefer to use images, pictures, colors, and maps to organize information and communicate with others. They work well from worksheets and the whiteboard and do their best on more theory based assessments like short questions, multiple choice, true and false or essays. In their practical assessments they will do well when needing to chart information the client has told them and write up skin diagnosis or plan future care appointments. If they are auditory learners they are the students who retain information better when the information is reinforced through sound. So they prefer class lectures rather than being given textbooks to read. These students do much better when their assessment are asked with short oral questions during class or explaining to an examiner why they are performing a certain treatment or using a certain method to perform a task. Being able to read their questions out aloud to themselves will also help them registered better what is required from them in the assessment. If they are kinesthetic learners then they prefer to be involved in activities. They learn through applying their knowledge practically by writing out notes during lectures or telling another person what they have learnt or performing practical treatments. Studying beauty therapy is a great choice for kinesthetic learns as much of the course involves taking part and learning through movement and a big part of your grading comes from performing treatments and demonstrating your skills to the assessors. For these learners doing theory assessments they can be kept motivated by doing diagrams or plotting graphs or doing oral reports so they are fulfilling their need for movement in learning.

Should Democracy Be Adopted by All Nations

Should Democracy Be Adopted by All Nations Introduction Democracy refers to a system of government in which citizens participate in decision-making and decide how they want to be governed (Cheibu Dahl 2003). It gives citizens an opportunity to contribute in maters that determine the course of their lives. Democracy allows citizens to participate in the process of making laws either directly or indirectly through elected representatives (Burns et al 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should Democracy Be Adopted by All Nations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political self-determination is one of the most vital aspects of democracy. This is because democracy encompasses economic, social, and cultural aspects of people’s lives. Other forms of government include monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy. In a monarchy, power is held by one individual while in an oligarchy, power is in the hands of a few people who make all decisions (Burns et al 2001). De mocracy should be adopted in all nations because it promotes equality, freedom, and peace. Freedom Aristotle described democracy as a form of freedom that allows citizens to live, as they resolve because the will of the majority prevails (Cheibu Dahl 2003). In a democracy, there is a government and a constitution that guides citizens in order to promote peace and tranquility. However, they should not pose as obstacles to liberty and freedom. Even though democracy exists, its execution in some nations applies partially (Burns et al 2001). As such, there is widespread violation of human rights and denial of freedom. Freedom is one of the main objectives of adopting democracy in a nation (Cheibu Dahl 2003). A nation should adopt democracy because it promotes freedom, as well as giving citizens power and authority to make laws that govern them (Christiano, 2004). During the process of making laws, the needs and preferences of citizens are considered and incorporated in to the laws. Th is is in contrast to other forms of government in which a few individuals make laws on behalf of citizens. Equality All nations should adopt democracy because it builds on the principle of equality (Christiano, 2004). All citizens are equal and are supposed to enjoy similar social, economic, and political rights. This implies that the government should not discriminate against any citizen or group of citizens because of their religion, ethnicity, or gender (Geer Schiller 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Democracy promotes equality because every citizen is equal before the law. One of the main components of a democracy is a constitution. A constitution ensures that every citizen enjoys similar rights as everyone else, as well as equal treatment despite their race, religion, gender, or socio-economic class (Lijphart 2012). Historians have argued whether tr ue attainment of democracy is possible. In many countries, several aspects that include level of education, gender, ethnical affiliation, and economic status hinder democracy. Greed for money by the elite, who oppress the poor despite existence of democracy, has greatly hindered its adoption (Lijphart 2012). Freedom to make laws and participate in governance gives citizens a sense of belonging (Geer Schiller 2011). It bestows upon them the feeling that they are responsible for their own welfare and should therefore participate in creating laws. In other government forms, the leader possesses power to make laws according to his/her wishes. This has led to grave misuse of power as witnessed in countries such as Iraq, Egypt, and Cuba where democracy is not recognized (Mill, 2009). By participating in elections, citizens get an opportunity to elect leaders that they feel possess the best qualities for leadership. In a democracy, people chose their own leaders, unlike in other forms of government. Democracy creates a feeling of obligation and responsibility in citizens (Ross 2006). They have a responsibility to elect good leaders to lead their nation, and an obligation to participate in elections. This gives them a feeling of belonging because they decide the government that governs their nation. This applies through elections and referendums. Democracy gives all citizens the opportunity assume leadership positions (Mill, 2009). Any citizen can vie for an elective post and represent other citizens in the government. This encourages fair competition and responsibility, which are necessary for promotion of democracy. Responsible and stable administration One of the main benefits of democracy is that its statutes promote and advocate for a stable and responsible government (Ross 2006). A study of major democracies in the world revels that stability, efficiency, growth, and firmness are the main characteristics of democracy. Democracy forms a firm and responsible gove rnment because it is based on the wishes of citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should Democracy Be Adopted by All Nations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, leaders are accountable to citizens who elect them into office. In representative democracy, elected leaders make informed decisions based on ideas and opinions of the people (Ross 2006). Elected representatives are responsible because if they fail to fulfill the wishes of their electorate, they remove them from power when they participate in elections after a certain period. A stable administration means that there is little chance of revolution. Democracy is primarily based on the will of the people. Therefore, there is low possibility that people might revolt against the government except in cases of violation of the democratic rights of citizens. Democracy has been shown to be the most stable and effective form of government because it fun ctions on consensus (Shapiro Corsdn 1999). Any critical decision undergoes the scrutiny of the public before implementation. The benefits of democracy are evident from observation of democracies such as the United States. The US has grown tremendously over the last few decades because it upholds democratic ideals (Shapiro Corsdn 1999). This has enabled it to become the most powerful nation in the world. A similar case applies with countries in the Europe that have embraced democracy. Their rule was characterized by abuse of power, corruption, wars, and violation of human rights. However, this changed when they turned to democracy. Russia has been through many forms of government than any other European country. Anarchy resulted in communism, and monarchy ended in violence (Shapiro Corsdn 1999). The formation of a communism government had adverse effects on countries of the USSR. The economy deteriorated and many countries experienced extended periods of abject poverty. However, a fter they embraced democracy, they were able to rebuild Russia and regain stability and economic prosperity. Better governance Another reason why all nations should adopt democracy is the profundity of corruption of power (Schumpeter 2003). In essence, power is not corrupting, but when an individual assumes power, there is high possibility that they will misuse it. This observation applies in monarchies where one individual possess all the power.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In case the individual results to misuse of power, this results in adverse effects such as deterioration of the economy, wars, famine, and corruption. This affects the whole government. This is in contrast to a democratic form of government. Abuse of power by an individual does not crumble a governance system due to even distribution of duties and responsibilities (Schumpeter 2003). Power is in the hands of many people. Therefore, it is difficult for an individual to corrupt the system with power. The advantage of democracy is that people form the government. Therefore, it is not possible for the will of the government to conflict with the will of the people (Schumpeter 2003). In other forms of government, the will of the people always conflicts with the will of the leaders. This is because citizens do not get an opportunity to give their opinions or to voice their concerns. Counterargument Despite being the best form of government, democracy has flaws too. These include misappropri ation of public funds, promotion of dictatorship of the majority, lowering of moral standards, disinterest by voters in elections, and capitalism (Smith 1996). Despite these flaws, democracy is the best form of government. Advantages of democracy outweigh the disadvantages. Conclusion Democracy has been labeled the best system of government that any nation can embrace. It has certain weaknesses but it is more stable, efficient, and stronger than other systems such as monarchies and oligarchies. All nations should adopt democracy because of several reasons. These include stability and efficient administration, promotion of freedom, equality of all citizens, equal opportunity to power, and responsible administration. Benefits of democracy are evident for observing democracies such as the US and European countries. Through democracy, they have been able to achieve growth and prosperity that has placed them among the most prosperous and powerful nations in the world. References Burns, J , Pelatson, J., Cronin, T Magleby, B 2001, Government by the People, Prentice Hall, New York. Cheibu, A Dahl, R 2003, The Democracy Sourcebook, MIT Press, London. Christiano, T 2004, The Authority of Democracy, Journal of Political Philosophy, vol.12 no.3, pp. 266-290. Geer, J Schiller, W 2011, Gateways to Democracy: Introduction to American Government, Cengage Learning, New York. Lijphart, A 2012, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, Yale University Press, New York. Mill, J 2009, Representative Government, GRIN Verlag, New York. Ross, M 2006, Is Democracy Good for the Poor, American Journal of Political Science, vol.50 no.4, pp. 860-874. Schumpeter, J 2003, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Taylor Francis, New York. Shapiro, I Corsdn, C 1999, Democracy’s Values, Cambridge University Press, London. Smith, b 1996, Sustainable Local Democracy, Public Administration and Development, vol. 16 no.2, pp. 163-178.

buy custom AGL Resources essay

buy custom AGL Resources essay AGL resources Inc. is a company based in Atlanta. It is one of the oldest enterprises dealing with the distribution of natural gas to six states: Georgia, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida Tennessee, and Maryland in America. The company has been in business for more than 150 years. It is listed at the NYSE and serves 4.5 million end users. In addition to distribution, it provides asset management services to natural gas wholesalers both in the US and Canada (Annual Report, 2011). Natural gas is 92% efficient compared to electricitys 30% and with domestic abundance of natural gas, AGL has been able to carry out its operations successfully for a long time (Annual Report, 2011). Energy Australia, on the other hand, is one of the largest and oldest Australian energy supply corporations that sells gas and electricity to consumers in many states. It was established under the Energy Services corporations Act 1995 and the State Owned Corporations Act 1989 (Annual Report, 2009/10). It is also governed by other subordinate statutory and legislative requirements passed and stipulated by the government through Australian Energy Regulator (AER). It has a customer base of 1.3 million around Australia and targets both residential and business energy consumers. Energy Australia also distributes electricity around Australia by operating one of the largest NSWs electricity networks (Wallenius, Platt, McKenzie, 2008). Currently Energy Australia moves towards providing green renewable energy and offers 5% discount to their customers who consume both electricity and gas from the same supplier (Annual Report, 2009). Fundamental Philosophical Core Business One major difference between AGL and Energy Australia is based on their core products. AGL deals with distribution of natural gas to end users across six states in the United States while Energy Australia suppliers both gas and electricity to end users. The company, however, sold its retail business to TRUenergy in 2011 as a strategy to concentrate on the electricity delivery. AGL serves nearly 4.5 million end users and has been an active market player for more than 150 years. In addition to distribution, it provides asset management services to natural gas whole sellers both in the US and Canada (Annual Report, 2011). In comparison, Energy Australia serves a customer base of 1.3 million around Australia which is less than the number in AGL and targets both residential and business energy consumers. Energy Australia also distributes electricity in Australia by operating one of the largest NSWs electricity networks (Wallenius, Platt, McKenzie, 2008). According to Annual Report 2009, Energy Australia moves towards providing green renewable energy and offered 5% discount to their customers who consume both electricity and gas from the same supplier. Business and Industry As it was stated before, AGLs core business is the distribution of natural gas. The company is also engaged in various related and complimentary businesses like natural gas asset management, logistic activities, and storage among others. Management of these ventures is undertaken through four segments which include distribution operations, retail energy operations, energy investments, and wholesale services. Each of the departments has its head and six distribution utilities that construct and manage gas pipelines in each of the states. Natural gas industry is very competitive with several players in the market. Further, the industry is subjected to strict government regulatory measures that guide pricing, distribution, and storage. In Georgia, the Public Service Commission sets the base rate for pricing. Given that AGL operates in six different states, the company is affected by the regulatory changes that vary from state to state. Unlike AGL resources, Energy Australia is an Australian government corporation, the core business of which is selling of natural gas and electricity to clients in Australia. It supplies gas and electricity to clients both in residential homes and in the business places. It is also a distributor of electricity to NSWs wide electricity network around Australia: in Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Queensland, NSW and Victoria through a partnership deal with TRUenergy Company (Pitts, 1973). The main concern of Energy Australia is providing sustainable, reliable, green energy to its customers with safety being a top priority for all employees and clients (Hinnawi, 1981). Management and Governance Governance in a firm includes organizational structure coupled with the activities of the board of directors and the audit committee. Board of directors represents top management of AGL. It is directly responsible for companys day to day operations in line with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. Board of directors supports business operations through the provision of qualified managerial skills. AGL has its governance regulations outlined in a special document that incorporates several issues e.g. selection of chairman and CEO, time commitment of directors, frequency of committee meetings, evaluation of CEO, and assessment of Boards performance among other issues. To gain understanding of AGLs governance system, it is important to appreciate the corporate charters and bylaws and the organizations code of ethics (Annual Report, 2011). The corporate charter is issued by the state in which the company operates. It recognizes a company as a separate legal entity. Among other things it includes the exact name of the organization, date of establishment, types of business activities it is authorized to conduct, and the nature and amount of stock it is authorized to issue. Bylaws, on the other hand, include the description of voting methods available to directors in making major decisions, powers of corporate executives, and frequency of shareholder meetings among others (Annual Report, 2010). The code of ethics entails organizational values and ethical standards and must be frequently communicated to staff. Each public company, AGL included, is required by law to disclose the code of ethics. Any company that fails to do so must state this fact and explain the reasons of this failure to the regulatory authority. Any amendment to any of these codes must equally be disclosed. Energy Australia, on the other hand, being a state owned corporation is governed under the Energy Services Corporations act 1995 by Board of Directors, Audit Compliance team, Human Resource team, Capital Investment team, Retail team and other sub committees (Annual Report, 2009). According to the IBM, selected as systems assimilation partner, the Board of Directors is responsible for making key decisions regarding the business. These include safety measures, provision of green energy through the Smart-Grid Smart-City technology, reliability and sustainability of energy for all customers, corporate responsibility, and financial performance of the firm (Clean Energy Astralia, 2009). The board of directors operates at the top of Energy Australias level of management and is responsible for ensuring stability in business through everyday provision of qualified managerial techniques and skills. This role is similar to that of the AGLs board of directors. Similarly, Energy Australia also op erates under codes of conduct and ethics that outline organizational values and ethical standards of behavior. To be integrated in daily operations, these values must be communicated to all staff members frequently to ensure compliance. Each state corporation, Energy Australia being one of them, is obligated by law to disclose the code of ethics to all staff including those that refer to senior management. Future Challenges that AGL and Energy Australia May Face There exist several business risks that energy firms like AGL and Energy Australia are exposed to. These risks must be minimized, while other independent challenges that vary from one company to another must be taken into account as well. Challenges Faced by AGL Given the fact that most of the business operations of AGL are subject to routine regulations by the relevant authorities, compliance costs are a significant part of expenses that the entity must handle. Legislation enacted in Georgia in 1997 that provided for deregulation of gas distribution stated that AGL operations and personnel were to be recognized as substantial expenses. This had an important impact on the financial statement of a company (Annual Report, 2011). This regulation denied the management team a chance to independently make major decisions regarding expansion, and eventually led to a decrease of companys revenues. For example, the table below indicates the costs that the regulatory authority mandated AGL to pay to remediate the previous MGP operating sites (Annual Report, 2011). In millions Cost estimate range Amount recorded Expected costs over next twelve Illinois $134 $216 $134 $19 Georgia and Florida 42 98 58 7 New Jersey 124 174 124 9 North Carolina 10 16 11 2 Total $310 $504 $327 $37 The storage portfolios of AGL include contracts that are paid on delivery of commodity or cash. If the values of these contacts shift in unforeseen direction, then the resulting losses to AGL will be unbearable. This risk exists due to the inflammable nature of the gasses. The infrastructure necessary for safe distribution of gas requires a colossal amount of capital. This means that any further expansion and improvement projects on the existing infrastructure will require large financial support that the company may not raise from the retained earnings. Funds to finance these projects are, therefore, subject to prevailing economic climate. Failure to secure the company financially would, therefore, have a negative impact on its expansion. This in turn will not allow the company to supply energy to new customers as well as it will slow down overall revenue growth. Transport and storage risks. Distribution and storage of gas carry with it several hazards that range from operating risks like leakages to third party damages and mechanical failures. All might cause significant financial losses to a company. In addition, there is the risk of severe injury to staff, damage to property, and environmental pollution challenges. For AGL to minimize these risks a comprehensive review of protection measures needs to be done, such as reexamining the insurance policies against some of the most serious risks. Financial risk as a result of climate change. Many companies in the word today are paying serious attention to global warming as a result of greenhouse gases. As a result, legislators are coming up with very strict laws that impact the energy industry. These laws result in increased operational costs, decline in demand for natural gas, which is the core product of AGL resources, and impact consumer prices of energy (Annual Report, 2011). With further implementation of environmental laws, companies cash flow statements will be impacted to a great extent. This is a challenge Energy Australia is also likely to face in future. This is due to the belief that pollution from burning natural gas and the environmental changes have led to unpredictable and unreliable rainfall distribution, which has direct effects on the generation of hydropower. Inflation and increased gas costs. Future operations of companies are influenced by global gas prices, which are not likely to go down in the near future. Given that infrastructural improvements are capital intensive, inflation adversely affects acquisition of new machinery necessary to improve the existing infrastructure. This is because new purchases are at a much higher price because of inflationary forces. There should, therefore, be a constant policy for improvements that would facilitate continual investment in infrastructure. This objective can be achieved through implementation of proper information technology systems. Challenges Faced by Energy Australia Inflation and increased gas and electricity costs. Due to the global economic recession, companies like Energy Australia that are fully depended on customer consumption may not witness upward trends in revenue collection in the future. Their prospects in the future are also dependent on global gas prices, which are likely to be unstable. Instability in gas prices results from high costs due to inflation, which in its turn eventually leads to reduced customer consumption. Inflation also reduces chances for success of possible expansion programs due to sky rocketed costs of new machinery and equipment necessary to improve infrastructure (Cubria et al, 2011). Distribution and storage safety risks. Gas and electricity are commodities associated with very serious safety risks to both Energy Australia employees and their customers. Even after selling the retail gas business to TRUenergy, safety performance of the firm regarding electricity distribution is still below acceptable rate. This is a result of the massive network development carried out by inexperienced staff (Annual Report, 2009). Leakages from gas distribution lines is another risk that negatively impacts environment and can also lead to contamination of nature and cause damage to human health (Hinnawi, 1981). Energy Australias management team must, therefore, create necessary measures to minimize the challenge in the future to guarantee safety to employees and consumers. Important Decisions Made by the Two Competitors AGL reviewed its depreciation rates that amounted to total $ 2 million per annum in 2010. This was as a result of the May 2010 authorization of new depreciation rates by authorities in Tennessee for Chattanooga (Annual Report, 2011). This indicates the negative impact of regulations on profitability declarations. In March 2011 Energy Australia signed an agreement to sell its retail business to TRUenergy, which is another gas and electricity supplier. This partnership was a strategy that has helped increase the market base to over 2.5 million consumers across Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Queensland, NSW and Victoria (Cubria et al, 2011). Similarly, in March 2012 Energy Australia signed another five-year partnership with Swimming Australia to bethe new main sponsor of the Australian swim team. This is a part of companys marketing effort to improve its public relations and become closely associated with all sport fans. Fundamental Differences AGLs core business is the distribution of natural gas within six states that it operates in. The company is, however, engaged in numerous related and complimentary activities like natural gas asset management, logistic activities, and storage among others. Management of the various ventures is undertaken with a help of four elements which are: distribution operations, retail energy operations, energy investments, and wholesale services. Energy Australia is a corporation that operates within the energy industry, core business of which is selling natural gas and electricity to clients in Australia. It supplies gas and electricity to clients both in residential homes and in the business places. It is also a distributor of electricity to NSWs wide electricity network around Australia in Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Queensland, NSW and Victoria through a partnership deal with TRUenergy Company (Cubria et al, 2011). Specific Competitive Advantages of Each Rival Energy Australia is one of the largest and oldest Australian gas and electricity energy supply Corporation that sells gas and electricity to consumers in many states. Being a government institution, it has competitive advantage over the other competitors since it distributes the largest NSWs electricity networks (Wallenius, Platt McKenzie, 2008). According to Annual Report 2009, Energy Australia is moving towards providing green renewable energy and offers 5% discount to their customers who consume both electricity and gas from the same supplier. This move has created positive image about the firm, which is now viewed as a responsible organization with interest in environmental protection and consumer safety. Strategic Moves Made by one Rival that Might Affect the Other The major strategy currently adopted by AGL is the purchase of Nicor in December 2011. This strategy has increased the market share of the company since all the former Nicor customer base is fully added to AGL (Annual Report, 2011). This gives AGL a competitive advantage over other competitors. On the contrary, Energy Australia sold its retail business to TRUenergy but maintained the wholesale business. This has equally expanded its customer base to over 2.5 million in one year. Company Success Stories The strategy used by Energy Australia to sell its retail business in March 2011 to TRUenegy brought success to the company since it managed to increase its customer base to more than 2.5 million, which is nearly 100% increase in number of customers within one year. The company has also been showing the positive trend in revenues and profitability owing to its dominance of the Australian energy market (Cubria et al, 2011). Similarly, AGL has also managed to expand its share due to the recent acquisition of Nicor in December 2011(Annual Report, 2011). This is expected to inject more revenues into the company. The companys financial reports have also been showing this positive trend over the years. Comparison of Performance Statistics In 2011, AGL Resources Inc. achieved a net income of $172 million, which is $2.14 per basic share and $2.12 per diluted share. This illustrated a drop from 2010 income that was $234 million, making $3.02 and $3.00 per basic share and diluted share respectively, because a substantial part of revenue was used for the acquisition of Nicor. When expenses related to Nicor merger in December 9, 2011 totaling to $64 million were excluded, the new adjusted EPS reached 2.92 USD per diluted share in 2011. The GAAP and adjusted figures for the full year comprised 22 days of contribution received from Nicor after acquisition. AGL natural gas serves approximately 4.5 million, which is the largest share in a market (Annual Report, 2011). Energy Australia in 2009/10 achieved earnings of $913 million before interest and tax from revenues of $3.98 billion. This was higher than the earnings before interest and tax (EBIt) recorded in 2008/09 which was $596 million. This was, however, well above the target. The reports of the two companies indicate the upward trend in their financial performance. Conclusion AGL Resources and Energy Australia energy companies operate in different geographical areas with slightly different competitive environments. Unlike AGL resources, Energy Australia is a state corporation operating under the Energy Services corporations Act 1995 and the State Owned Corporations Act 1989, thus enjoying government support. The core product for AGL is natural gas while Energy Australia supplies both natural gas and electricity (Annual Report, 2011). There is a number of differences and similarities in the operation of the two companies relating to governance styles, future challenges that the two energy firms may face, important decisions made, competitive advantages enjoyed over their rivals, strategic decisions made, the successes, and the general performance of the companies. Buy custom AGL Resources essay

The solutions to the body and mind problem Essay

The solutions to the body and mind problem - Essay Example The solutions to the body and mind problem The problem of the body and the mind is description of the different opinions of different scholars on the level of interactions between the body and their collective and individual roles in the development of an individual. How exactly could the mind initiate an interaction with some parts of the body that results into movements and actions like asking questions in class? How exactly could individual sensation in other parts of the body stimulate the mind while their natures were identical and different based on Descartes’ dualism? Different philosophers have made different desperate attempts and sociologists to solve the body and mind problem and this paper will discuss the various attempts that have been made so far and how they attempted to give a conclusive answer to these questions (Taylor 33). Descartes believed that the body and the mind were two independent faculties and only one substance existed which was united and that was god. The existence of finite substance therefore depended on the mercies of God to exist and to function well. The mind is however nonphysical occupies no space and is only manifested by the behaviors of the individual who owns it. The body also has a three-dimensional view making it possible to divide into three symmetrical parts, which are the mind, does not occupy any space and lacks a basis for division.The concept of dualism as advanced by Descartes however have a number of problems as its notion that the mind is non-physical and immaterial makes the notion of zombies and mutants immaterial.

Quantitative Tools Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Tools Group Project - Essay Example This write-up presents a discussion about ways for improving the service productivity and operational success of Going Inc’s pilots and customer service agents who present a certain lack of satisfaction in their jobs. Going Inc’s airline business that services the United States, Europe and Asia has a number of problems that confront managers. Going Inc has a higher than industry average figures for flight delays, baggage and security related check-in delays and late arrival figures for flights. In addition to the other problems at Going Inc Airlines, employees present a certain lack of satisfaction and it is important for managers try to improve morale, service productivity and operational success of pilots and customer service agents. Airline pilots are rather different from other employees because they are expensive to train for aircrafts that they must fly and difficult to substitute in a tight labor market for pilots with commercial experience (Harvey. 2007. Pp. 6). Pilots are the most educated and the most assessed of all airline employees who must be constantly trained on aircraft if they are to perform safely and adequately. Thus, airline pilots possess a certain industrial power and management of airline pilots is an exacting endeavor. However, it is important for airlines to try to reduce labor costs in response to stiff competition in the airline industry and to increase productivity in an era of increased uncertainty about profits (Alamdari, 1999, Pp. 53 – 66). Morale is always important when thinking about service productivity and contented employees who feel that they are being well compensated are likely to be more productive. Thus, airline pilots, who often work on substantial compensation pa ckages, should be offered profit sharing and share purchase schemes that indemnify airlines from having to pay out large compensation in